- arp: used to view and manage the arp cache, can be used to look at the Layer 3-to-Layer 2 mapping on an Ethernet network for most Windows- and Linux-based devices.
- dig: verify DNS resolution.
- dhclient: releases your computer’s IP address to get a new one from the DHCP server
- host: performs DNS lookups – give a domain name, it returns an IP address
- ipconfig displays and configures your TCP/IP network interface configurations on Windows
- ifconfig displays and configures your TCP/IP network interface configurations on Linux
- man command is the command related to documentation built in to most Linux-based operating systems.
- nbtstat shows the netBIOS information on a Windows computer.
- netcat: networking service for reading from and writing network connections
- netstat: displays incoming and outgoing network connections and shows IP-based connection information on a Windows or Linux computer.
- nslookup: looks up IP address associated with a domain name, returns DNS server, allows testing of DNS resolution for Windows- and Linux-based devices.
- ping: used to check connectivity between networking devices verifies basic network connectivity between two points on the network.
- route: command show or manipulate the IP routing table, can allow the creation, deletion, or viewing of routes on a Windows or Linux host.
- tracert on Windows; used to view the entire path of a packet from one device to another; can show the routers in the path between the PC and a remote target.
- tracepath: similar to ping but provides information about the path a packet takes
- traceroute command sends packets to a destination asking each router along the way to reply and is the Linux equivalent to Window’s tracert.
- tcpdump: a packet analyzer which displays TCP/IP packets transmitted and received
